Persona: Zorzano, María-Paz
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Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
El Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial es el Organismo Público de Investigación (OPI) dependiente del Ministerio de Defensa. Además de realizar actividades de investigación científica y de desarrollo de sistemas y prototipos en su ámbito de conocimiento, presta servicios tecnológicos a empresas, universidades e instituciones.
El INTA está especializado en la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, de carácter dual, en los ámbitos de la Aeronáutica, Espacio, Hidrodinámica, Seguridad y Defensa.
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Zorzano
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Publicación Acceso Abierto PACKMAN – A portable instrument to investigate space weather(Elsevier BV, 2021-04-12) Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Vakkada Ramachandran, A.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Swedish Space Corporation (SSC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); 0000-0002-4492-9650; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737PACKMAN (PArticle Counter k-index Magnetic ANomaly) is an autonomous, light and robust space weather instrument for operation within the subsurface, surface and atmosphere (as payload in stratospheric balloons) of the Earth. It has been designed using Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components to reduce the cost of each unit and to allow to have multiple units monitoring simultaneously at different sites and also incorporate an open-access citizen science approach. The hardware-core of each PACKMAN units, weights around 600 g and consumes about 500 mA of current at 12 V. PACKMAN has been deployed at multiple latitudes and altitudes ranging from stratospheric heights (corroborating its TRL8 maturity) to subsurface depths of around 1 km. The data from PACKMAN have been compared with the state-of-the-art ground-based observatories, and satellites and scientific observations have been documented. A 3-D network of PACKMAN units operating continuously around the globe, from the subsurface to the stratosphere, would help to improve the understanding of the space weather phenomena, and its implications on the climate and infrastructures. PACKMAN is also an excellent tool for education and outreach. This article outlines the building instructions of two types of PACKMAN units: PACKMAN-S for ground-based measurements and PACKMAN-B for stratospheric measurements aboard high-altitude balloons.Publicación Acceso Abierto Pressure Optimized PowEred Respirator (PROPER): A miniaturized wearable cleanroom and biosafety system for aerially transmitted viral infections such as COVID-19(Elsevier BV, 2020-10-06) Nazarious, Miracle Israel; Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Nazarious, M. I. [0000-0002-7148-8803]; Mathanlal, T. [0000-0003-2691-3855]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The supply of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in hospitals to keep the Health Care Professionals (HCP) safe taking care of patients may be limited, especially during the outbreak of a new disease. In particular, the face and body protective equipment is critical to prevent the wearer from exposure to pathogenic biological airborne particulates. This situation has been now observed worldwide during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. As concern over shortages of PPE at hospitals grows, we share with the public and makers’ community the Pressure Optimized PowEred Respirator (PROPER) equipment, made out of COTS components. It is functionally equivalent to a Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR). PROPER, a hood-based system which uses open source and easily accessible components is low-cost, relatively passive in terms of energy consumption and mechanisms, and easy and fast to 3D print, build and assemble. We have adapted our experience on building clean room environments and qualifying the bioburden of space instruments to this solution, which is in essence a miniaturized, personal, wearable cleanroom. PROPER would be able to offer better protection than an N95 respirator mask, mainly because it is insensitive to seal fit and it shields the eyes as well. The PROPER SMS fabric is designed for single-use and not intended for reuse, as they may start to tear and fail but the rest of the parts can be disinfected and reused. We provide a set of guidelines to build a low-cost 3D printed solution for an effective PAPR system and describe the procedures to validate it to comply with the biosafety level 3 requirements. We have validated the prototype of PROPER unit for air flow, ISO class cleanliness level, oxygen and carbon-dioxide gas concentrations during exhalation, and present here these results for illustration. We demonstrate that the area inside the hood is more than 200 times cleaner than the external ambient without the operator and more than 175 times with the operator and in an aerosol exposed environment. We also include the procedure to clean and disinfect the equipment for reuse. PROPER may be a useful addition to provide protection to HCPs against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or other potential future viral diseases that are transmitted aerially.Publicación Restringido DFT study of the reduction reaction of calcium perchlorate on olivine surface: Implications to formation of Martian's regolith(Elsevier BV, 2020-05-15) Escamilla Roa, E.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Hernández Laguna, A.; Sainz Díaz, C. I.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); 0000-0003-2286-8380; 0000-0002-4492-9650; 0000-0001-6479-2236; 0000-0003-0413-0761; 0000-0002-3872-0455; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Perchlorates have been found widespread on the surface of Mars, their origin and degradation pathways are not understood to date yet. We investigate here, from a theoretical point of view, the potential redox processes that take place in the interaction of Martian minerals such as olivine, with anhydrous and hydrated perchlorates. For this theoretical study, we take as mineral substrate the (1 0 0) surface of forsterite and calcium perchlorate salt as adsorbate. Our DFT calculations suggests a reduction pathway to chlorate and chlorite. When the perchlorate has more than 4 water molecules, this mechanism, which does not require high-temperature or high energy sources, results in parallel with the oxidation of the mineral surface, forming magnesium peroxide, MgO2, and in the formation of ClO3, which through photolysis is known to form ClO-O2. Because of the high UV irradiance that reaches the surface of Mars, this may be a source of O2 on Mars. Our results suggest that this process may be a natural removal pathway for perchlorates from the Martian regolith, which in the presence of atmospheric water for salt hydration, can furthermore lead to the production of oxygen. This mechanism may thus have implications on the present and future habitability of the Martian surface.Publicación Acceso Abierto Prebiotic chemistry in neutral/reduced-alkaline gas-liquid interfaces(Springer Nature, 2019-02-13) Mompeán, Cristina; Roig Marín-Yaseli, Margarita; Espigares, Patricia; González Toril, Elena; Zorzano, María-Paz; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)The conditions for the potential abiotic formation of organic compounds from inorganic precursors have great implications for our understanding of the origin of life on Earth and for its possible detection in other environments of the Solar System. It is known that aerosol-interfaces are effective at enhancing prebiotic chemical reactions, but the roles of salinity and pH have been poorly investigated to date. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the uniqueness of alkaline aerosols as prebiotic reactors that produce an undifferentiated accumulation of a variety of multi-carbon biomolecules resulting from high-energy processes (in our case, electrical discharges). Using simulation experiments, we demonstrate that the detection of important biomolecules in tholins increases when plausible and particular local planetary environmental conditions are simulated. A greater diversity in amino acids, carboxylic acids, N-heterocycles, and ketoacids, such as glyoxylic and pyruvic acid, was identified in tholins synthetized from reduced and neutral atmospheres in the presence of alkaline aqueous aerosols than that from the same atmospheres but using neutral or acidic aqueous aerosols.Publicación Acceso Abierto Quantifying the Congruence between Air and Land Surface Temperatures for Various Climatic and Elevation Zones of Western Himalaya(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2019-12-04) Singh, S.; Bhardwaj, Anshuman; Singh, A.; Sam, Lydia; Shekhar, M.; Martín Torres, Javier; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Shingh, S. [0000-0003-4304-388X]; Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Sam, L. [0000-0003-3181-2960]; Bhardwaj, A. [0000-0002-2502-6384]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The surface and near-surface air temperature observations are primary data for glacio-hydro-climatological studies. The in situ air temperature (T-a) observations require intense logistic and financial investments, making it sparse and fragmented particularly in remote and extreme environments. The temperatures in Himalaya are controlled by a complex system driven by topography, seasons, and cryosphere which further makes it difficult to record or predict its spatial heterogeneity. In this regard, finding a way to fill the observational spatiotemporal gaps in data becomes more crucial. Here, we show the comparison of T-a recorded at 11 high altitude stations in Western Himalaya with their respective land surface temperatures (T-s) recorded by Moderate Resolution Imagining Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua and Terra satellites in cloud-free conditions. We found remarkable seasonal and spatial trends in the T-a vs. T-s relationship: (i) T-s are strongly correlated with T-a (R-2 = 0.77, root mean square difference (RMSD) = 5.9 degrees C, n = 11,101 at daily scale and R-2 = 0.80, RMSD = 5.7 degrees C, n = 3552 at 8-day scale); (ii) in general, the RMSD is lower for the winter months in comparison to summer months for all the stations, (iii) the RMSD is directly proportional to the elevations; (iv) the RMSD is inversely proportional to the annual precipitation. Our results demonstrate the statistically strong and previously unreported T-a vs. T-s relationship and spatial and seasonal variations in its intensity at daily resolution for the Western Himalaya. We anticipate that our results will provide the scientists in Himalaya or similar data-deficient extreme environments with an option to use freely available remotely observed T-s products in their models to fill-up the spatiotemporal data gaps related to in situ monitoring at daily resolution. Substituting T-a by T-s as input in various geophysical models can even improve the model accuracy as using spatially continuous satellite derived T-s in place of discrete in situ T-a extrapolated to different elevations using a constant lapse rate can provide more realistic estimates.Publicación Acceso Abierto The HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine Irradiation and Temperature) environmental instrument for the ExoMars 2022 Surface Platform(Elsevier, 2021-03-17) Martín Torres, Javier; Zorzano, María-Paz; Soria Salinas, Álvaro; Israel Nazarious, Miracle; Konatham, Samuel; Mathanlal, Thasshwin; Vakkada Ramachandran, A.; Ramírez Luque, Juan Antonio; Mantas Nakhai, R.; 0000-0001-6479-2236; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine Irradiation and Temperature) instrument is a European payload of the ExoMars 2022 Surface Platform Kazachok that will characterize the present-day habitability at its landing place in Oxia Planum, Mars. HABIT consists of two modules: (i) EnvPack (Environmental Package) that monitors the thermal environment (air and ground), the incident ultraviolet radiation, the near-surface winds and the atmospheric dust cycle; and (ii) BOTTLE (Brine Observation Transition To Liquid Experiment), an In-situ Resource Utilization instrument to produce liquid water for future Mars exploration. BOTTLE will be used also to investigate the electrical conductivity properties of the martian atmosphere, the present-day atmospheric-ground water cycle and to evaluate if liquid water can exist on Mars in the form of brines, and for how long. These variables measured by HABIT are critical to determine the present and future habitability of the martian surface. In this paper, we describe in detail the HABIT instrument and sensors, together with the calibration of its Flight Model (FM) and the Engineering Qualification Model (EQM) versions. The EnvPack module has heritage from previous missions operating on the surface of Mars, and the environmental observations of its sensors will be directly comparable to those delivered by those missions. HABIT can provide information of the local temperature with ±0.2 °C accuracy, local winds with ±0.3 m/s, surface brightness temperature with ±0.8 °C, incident UV irradiance with 10% error of its absolute value in the UV-A, UV-B, UV-C ranges, as well as in the total UV-ABC range, and two additional wavebands, dedicated to ozone absorption. The UV observations can be used to derive the total opacity column and thus monitor the dust and ozone cycles. BOTTLE can demonstrate the hydration state of a set of four deliquescent salts, which have been found on Mars (calcium chloride, ferric sulphate, magnesium perchlorate and sodium perchlorate) by monitoring their electric conductivity (EC). The EC of the air and the dry salts under Earth ambient, clean room conditions is of the order of 0.1 μScm. We have simulated HABIT operations, within an environmental chamber, under martian conditions similar to those expected at Oxia Planum. For dry, CO atmospheric conditions at martian pressures, the air EC can be as low as 10 μScm, however it increases with the relative humidity (RH) percentage. The laboratory experiments show that after an increase from 0 to 60% RH within a few hours, the EC of the air increased up to 10 μScm, magnesium perchlorate hydrated and reached values of 10 μScm1, whereas calcium chloride deliquesced forming a liquid state with EC of 10 μScm. HABIT will operate with a regular cadence, through day and night. The Electronic Unit (EU) is protected with a heater that is activated when its temperature is below −33 °C and disabled if the temperature of the surface platform rises above −30 °C. Additionally, the heaters of the BOTTLE unit can be activated to dehydrate the salts and reset the experiment. HABIT weighs only 918 g. Its power consumption depends on the operation mode and internal temperature, and it varies between 0.7 W, for nominal operation, and 13.1 W (when heaters are turned on at full intensity). HABIT has a baseline data rate of 1.5 MB/sol. In addition to providing critical environmental observations, this light and robust instrument, will be the first demonstrator of a water capturing system on the surface of Mars, and the first European In-Situ Resource Utilization in the surface of another planet.Publicación Acceso Abierto Seasonal Variations in Atmospheric Composition as Measured in Gale Crater, Mars(American Geophysical Union: Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2019-11-12) Trainer, M. G.; Wong, Michael H.; McConnochie, Tim H.; Franz, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Lefèvre, F.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Malespin, C. A.; Manning, H. L. K.; Martín Torres, Javier; Martínez, Germán M.; McKay, Christopher P.; Navarro González, R.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Webster, Christopher R.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Zorzano, M. P. [0000-0002-4492-9650]; Navarro González, R. [0000-0002-6078-7621]; Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236]; Vicente Retortillo, A. [0000-0002-4553-7624]; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover measures the chemical composition of major atmospheric species (CO2, N2, 40Ar, O2, and CO) through a dedicated atmospheric inlet. We report here measurements of volume mixing ratios in Gale Crater using the SAM quadrupole mass spectrometer, obtained over a period of nearly 5 years (3 Mars years) from landing. The observation period spans the northern summer of MY 31 and solar longitude (LS) of 175° through spring of MY 34, LS = 12°. This work expands upon prior reports of the mixing ratios measured by SAM QMS in the first 105 sols of the mission. The SAM QMS atmospheric measurements were taken periodically, with a cumulative coverage of four or five experiments per season on Mars. Major observations include the seasonal cycle of CO2, N2, and Ar, which lags approximately 20–40° of LS behind the pressure cycle driven by CO2 condensation and sublimation from the winter poles. This seasonal cycle indicates that transport occurs on faster timescales than mixing. The mixing ratio of O2 shows significant seasonal and interannual variability, suggesting an unknown atmospheric or surface process at work. The O2 measurements are compared to several parameters, including dust optical depth and trace CH4 measurements by Curiosity. We derive annual mean volume mixing ratios for the atmosphere in Gale Crater: CO2 = 0.951 (±0.003), N2 = 0.0259 (±0.0006), 40Ar = 0.0194 (±0.0004), O2 = 1.61 (±0.09) x 10‐3, and CO = 5.8 (±0.8) x 10‐4.Publicación Restringido Background levels of methane in Mars’ atmosphere show strong seasonal variations(Science, 2018-06-08) Webster, Christopher R.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Atreya, Sushil K.; Moores, John E.; Flesch, Gregory J.; Malespin, Charles A.; McKay, Christopher P.; Martínez, Germán M.; Smith, Christina L.; Martín Torres, Javier; Gómez Elvira, J.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Wong, Michael H.; Trainer, Melissa G.; Steele, Andrew; Archer, Doug; Sutter, Brad; Coll, Patrice J.; Freissinet, Caroline; Meslin, Pierre-Yves; Gough, Raina V.; House, Christopher H.; Pavlov, Alexander; Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; Glavin, Daniel P.; Pearson, John C.; Keymeulen, Didier; Christensen, Lance E.; Schwenzer, Susanne P.; Navarro González, R.; Pla García, J.; Rafkin, Scot C. R.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Kahanpää, H.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Smith, Michael D.; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, María; Hassler, Donald M.; Lemmon, M. T.; Crisp, Joy; Sander, Stanley P.; Zurek, Richard W.; Vasavada, Ashwin R.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)Variable levels of methane in the martian atmosphere have eluded explanation partly because the measurements are not repeatable in time or location. We report in situ measurements at Gale crater made over a 5-year period by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer on the Curiosity rover. The background levels of methane have a mean value 0.41 ± 0.16 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) (95% confidence interval) and exhibit a strong, repeatable seasonal variation (0.24 to 0.65 ppbv). This variation is greater than that predicted from either ultraviolet degradation of impact-delivered organics on the surface or from the annual surface pressure cycle. The large seasonal variation in the background and occurrences of higher temporary spikes (~7 ppbv) are consistent with small localized sources of methane released from martian surface or subsurface reservoirs.Publicación Acceso Abierto A Review of Sample Analysis at Mars-Evolved Gas Analysis Laboratory Analog Work Supporting the Presence of Perchlorates and Chlorates in Gale Crater, Mars(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2021-04-20) Clark, J.; Sutter, Brad; Douglas Archer, P.; Ming, D.; Elizabeth Rampe; McAdam, A. C.; Navarro González, R.; Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; Glavin, D.; Zorzano, María-Paz; Martín Torres, Javier; Morris, Richard V.; Tu, V.; Ralston, S. J.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O2 releases with peaks between ~200 and 600 °C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O2 decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542 °C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (<~870 °C). These laboratory analog studies support that the SAM detection of oxychlorine phases is consistent with the presence of Mg, Ca, Na, and K perchlorate and/or chlorate along with possible contributions from adsorbed oxychlorines in Gale crater samples.Publicación Acceso Abierto Atmospheric composition of exoplanets based on the thermal escape of gases and implications for habitability: Atmospheric composition of exoplanets(The Royal Society Publishing (United Kingdom), 2020-09-09) Konatham, Samuel; Martín Torres, Javier; Zorzano, María-Paz; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; 0000-0002-8831-6047; 0000-0001-6479-2236; 0000-0002-4492-9650; Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The detection of habitable exoplanets is an exciting scientific and technical challenge. Owing to the current and most likely long-lasting impossibility of performing in situ exploration of exoplanets, their study and hypotheses regarding their capability to host life will be based on the restricted low-resolution spatial and spectral information of their atmospheres. On the other hand, with the advent of the upcoming exoplanet survey missions and technological improvements, there is a need for preliminary discrimination that can prioritize potential candidates within the fast-growing list of exoplanets. Here we estimate, for the first time and using the kinetic theory of gases, a list of the possible atmospheric species that can be retained in the atmospheres of the known exoplanets. We conclude that, based on our current knowledge of the detected exoplanets, 45 of them are good candidates for habitability studies. These exoplanets could have Earth-like atmospheres and should be able to maintain stable liquid water. Our results suggest that the current definition of a habitable zone around a star should be revisited and that the capacity of the planet to host an Earth-like atmosphere to support the stability of liquid water should be added.
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